Preventive and therapeutic effect of simvastatin on secondary inflammatory damage of rats with cerebral hemorrhage

Objective To investigate the preventive and therapeutic effect and mechanism of simvastatin on secondary inflammatory damage of rats with cerebral hemorrhage. Methods Sixty SD rat aged 9–12 weeks were chosen and divided into the control group, model group and simvastatin-treated group randomly with 20 rats in each group. Rats in the model group and simvastatin-treated group were infused with autologous fresh uncoagulated blood to the right brain tissue of the basal ganglia to build the cerebral hemorrhage model, while rats in the control group were treated with the same amount of normal saline. Then, rats in the simvastatin-treated group were given a gavage of 3 mg/kg of simvastatin once a day after modeling. Rats in the three groups were given nerve dysfunction score (NDS) and wet-dry weighting method was used to detect the brain water content (BWC) of brain tissues around the lesion of the rats. Then Nissl staining was conducted and the undamaged neurons were counted. Immunohistochemical SP method was applied to count the number of NF-κB, TLR4 and IL-1β positive cells in brain tissues around the lesions, and the immuno fluorescence method was employed to determine the expression levels of NF-κB, TLR4 and IL-1β proteins. Results The NDS results of the simvastatin-treated group at all time points were all significantly higher than those of the model group (P < 0.05); the BWC values of the simvastatin-treated group at all time points were all significantly lower than those of the model group at the same periods (P < 0.05); the number of the undamaged neurons around the lesions of the simvastatin-treated group at all time points were all significantly higher than those of the model group (P < 0.05); seven days after treatment, the number of the NF-κB, TLR4 and IL-1β positive cells in brain tissues around the lesions of the simvastatin-treated group were all significantly lower than those of the model group (P < 0.05), and its expression levels of NF-κB, TLR4 and IL-1β protein were also significantly lower than those of the model group (P < 0.05). Conclusions Simvastatin can inhibit the expressions of NF-κB, TLR4 and IL-1β proteins in rats with cerebral hemorrhage, and protect neurons and reduce secondary inflammatory damages by down-regulating the above protein-mediated inflammatory responses.

Preventive and therapeutic effect of simvastatin on secondary inflammatory damage of rats with cerebral hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the preventive and therapeutic effect and mechanism of simvastatin on secondary inflammatory damage of rats with cerebral hemorrhage.@*METHODS@#Sixty SD rat aged 9-12 weeks were chosen and divided into the control group, model group and simvastatin-treated group randomly with 20 rats in each group. Rats in the model group and simvastatin-treated group were infused with autologous fresh uncoagulated blood to the right brain tissue of the basal ganglia to build the cerebral hemorrhage model, while rats in the control group were treated with the same amount of normal saline. Then, rats in the simvastatin-treated group were given a gavage of 3 mg/kg of simvastatin once a day after modeling. Rats in the three groups were given nerve dysfunction score (NDS) and wet-dry weighting method was used to detect the brain water content (BWC) of brain tissues around the lesion of the rats. Then Nissl staining was conducted and the undamaged neurons were counted. Immunohistochemical SP method was applied to count the number of NF-κB, TLR4 and IL-1β positive cells in brain tissues around the lesions, and the immuno fluorescence method was employed to determine the expression levels of NF-κB, TLR4 and IL-1β proteins.@*RESULTS@#The NDS results of the simvastatin-treated group at all time points were all significantly higher than those of the model group (P < 0.05); the BWC values of the simvastatin-treated group at all time points were all significantly lower than those of the model group at the same periods (P < 0.05); the number of the undamaged neurons around the lesions of the simvastatin-treated group at all time points were all significantly higher than those of the model group (P < 0.05); seven days after treatment, the number of the NF-κB, TLR4 and IL-1β positive cells in brain tissues around the lesions of the simvastatin-treated group were all significantly lower than those of the model group (P < 0.05), and its expression levels of NF-κB, TLR4 and IL-1β protein were also significantly lower than those of the model group (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Simvastatin can inhibit the expressions of NF-κB, TLR4 and IL-1β proteins in rats with cerebral hemorrhage, and protect neurons and reduce secondary inflammatory damages by down-regulating the above protein-mediated inflammatory responses.

Antiviral effects of the combination of glycyrrhizin and ribavirin against influenza A H1N1 virus infection in vivo / 药学学报

Ribavirin is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent and glycyrrhizin has activities of anti-inflammation, immunoregulation and anti-viral infections. To enhance antiviral efficacy and weaken side-effects of ribavirin, antiviral effects of the combination of glycyrrhizin and ribavirin were studied in the present study. Firstly, a mouse model of viral pneumonia was established by inoculation of influenza H1N1 virus. Protective effects of glycyrrhizin and ribavirin used alone or in combination against H1N1 virus infection in mice were evaluated based on the survival rate, lung index and virus titer in lungs of mice. Results showed that the combination of glycyrrhizin and ribavirin significantly inhibited the lung consolidation with a 36% inhibition ratio on the lung swell of infected mice. The combination of the two drugs exhibited synergetic effects on survival of infected mice. The combination of 50 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1) glycyrrhizin and 40 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1) ribavirin resulted a 100% protection for infected mice with a synergetic value of 36, which was significantly higher than the control group and each drug alone. This combination also resulted a significant drop of lung virus titer (P < 0.01), as well as inhibition on the production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 (P < 0.01), TNF-α (P < 0.01) and IL-1β (P < 0.05) induced by virus infection compared to the control. The treatment of ribavirin plus glycyrrhizin was more effective in influenza A infection in mice than either compound used alone, which suggested a potential clinical value of the combination of the two agents.

Identification of tetracenomycin X from a marine-derived Saccharothrix sp. guided by genes sequence analysis / 药学学报

The crude extracts of the fermentation broth from a marine sediment-derived actinomycete strain, Saccharothrix sp. 10-10, showed significant antibacterial activities against drug-resistant pathogens. A genome-mining PCR-based experiment targeting the genes encoding key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites indicated that the strain 10-10 showed the potential to produce tetracenomycin-like compounds. Further chemical investigation of the cultures of this strain led to the identification of two antibiotics, including a tetracenomycin (Tcm) analogs, Tcm X (1), and a tomaymycin derivative, oxotomaymycin (2). Their structures were identified by spectroscopic data analysis, including UV, 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR and MS spectra. Tcm X (1) showed moderate antibacterial activities against a number of drug-resistant pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) pathogens, with the MIC values in the range of 32-64 microg x mL(-1). In addition, 1 also displayed significant cytotoxic activities against human cancer cell lines, including HL60 (leukemia), HepG2 (liver), and MCF-7 (breast) with the IC 50 values of 5.1, 9.7 and 18.0 micromol x L(-1), respectively. Guided by the PCR-based gene sequence analysis, Tcm X (1) and oxotomaymycin (2) were identified from the genus of Saccharothrix and their 13C NMR data were correctly assigned on the basis of 2D NMR spectroscopic data analysis for the first time.

Halogenated natural products from the marine-derived actinobacteria and their halogenation mechanism / 药学学报

In the last decade, along with the development of taxonomy research in marine-derived actinobacteria, more and more halogenated natural products were discovered from marine actinobacteria. Most of them showed good biological activity and unique structure compared to those from land. The special halogenation mechanism in some compounds' biosynthesis has drawn great attention. So in this review, we focus on the halogenated natural products from marine actinobacteria and their halogenation mechanisms.

Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic radiation on cardiovascular system of workers / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the exposure levels of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields in workplaces and to analyze the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic radiation on cardiovascular system of occupationally exposed people.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Intensity of electromagnetic fields in two workplaces (control and exposure groups) was detected with EFA-300 frequency electromagnetic field strength tester, and intensity of the noise was detected with AWA5610D integral sound level. The information of health physical indicators of 188 controls and 642 occupationally exposed workers was collected. Data were analyzed by SPSS17.0 statistic software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The intensity of electric fields and the magnetic fields in exposure groups was significantly higher than that in control group (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference of noise between two workplaces (P > 0.05). The results of physical examination showed that the abnormal rates of HCY, ALT, AST, GGT, ECG in the exposure group were significantly higher than those in control group (P < 0.05). There were no differences of sex, age, height, weight between two groups (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic radiation may have some effects on the cardiovascular system of workers.</p>

A historical view of alveolar echinococcosis, 160 years after the discovery of the first case in humans: part 1. What have we learnt on the distribution of the disease and on its parasitic agent? / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Since the first 2 cases observed in southern Germany and the correct identification of a parasite at the origin of the disease by the famous scientist Rudolf Virchow in 1855, the borders of the endemic area of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) have never stopped to expand. The parasite was successively recognized in Switzerland, then in Russia, Austria and France which were long considered as the only endemic areas for the disease. Cases were disclosed in Turkey in 1939; then much attention was paid to Alaska and to Hokkaido, in Japan. The situation totally changed in 1991 after the recognition of the Chinese endemic areas by the international community of scientists. The world map was completed in the beginning of the 21st century by the identification of AE in most of the countries of central/eastern Europe and Baltic States, and by the recognition of cases in central Asia. Up to now, the disease has however never been reported in the South hemisphere and in the United Kingdom. In the mid-1950s, demonstration by Rausch and Schiller in Alaska, and by Vogel in Germany, of the distinction between 2 parasite species responsible respectively for cystic echinococcosis (“hydatid disease”) and AE put an end to the long-lasting debate between the "dualists", who believed in that theory which eventually proved to be true, and the "unicists", who believed in a single species responsible for both diseases. At the end of the 20th century, molecular biology fully confirmed the "dualist" theory while adding several new species to the initially described E. granulosus; within the past decade, it also confirmed that little variation existed within Echinococcus (E.) multilocularis species, and that AE-looking infection in some intermediate animal hosts on the Tibetan plateau was indeed due to a new species, distinct from E. multilocularis, named E. shiquicus. Since the 1970s, the unique ecological interactions between the landscape, the hosts, and E. multilocularis have progressively been delineated. The important role of the rodent/lagomorph reservoir size for the maintenance of the parasite cycle has been recognized within the last 2 decades of the 20th century. And the discovery of a close relationship between high densities of small mammals and particularities in land use by agriculture/forestry has stressed the responsibility of political/economic decisions on the contamination pressure. Urbanization of foxes in Europe and Japan and the major role of dogs in China represent the new deals at the beginning of the 21st century regarding definitive hosts and prevention measures.

Study on the spatiotemporal trend of Japanese encephalitis in Guangxi,based on geographic information system and space-time permutation scan statistic / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the spatiotemporal trend of Japanese encephalitis in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region between 1989 and 2006.Methods Retrospective space-time permutation scan statistic and inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation were employed to detect the spatiotemporal trend of Japanese encephalitis in Guangxi,from the year 1989 to 2006.Results The spatiotemporal pattern of Japanese encephalitis was divided into four phases by IDW interpolation maps,from 1989 to 2006.The first phase was spatiotemporal cluster located in southeast region,from 1989 to 1996.The second phase showed discrete distribution from 1997 to 1998.The third phase of spatiotemporal cluster located in Lingshan county,Pubei county and Bobai county,in 1999.And the last phase was spatiotemporal cluster located in northwest region from 2000 to 2006.Three statistically significant spatiotemporal clusters were detected by retrospective space-time permutation scan statistic.The primary cluster appeared in 1999 (LLR=253.25,P=0.001,RR=4.62),with 109°54′ E,22°28′ N (located in Pubei county) as its center and radiated 45.24 km.From 2000 to 2006,the secondary cluster showed in northwest (LLR=75.91,P=0.001,RR = 1.88),with center located at 105°23′ E,24°68′ N (Longlin county),and radiated 199.85 kn.From 1989 to 1996,the other secondary cluster appeared in the southeast area(LLR=46.29,P=0.001,RR= 1.16),with center located at 110°94′ E,24°03′N(Zhaoping county) and radiated 229.12 km.Conclusion Space-time permutation scan statistic and geographical information system could be applied to quantitatively detect the potentially spatiotemporal trend of the disease.The spatiotemporal cluster shifted from southeast to northwest,from 1989 to 2006.

Using spatial autocorrelation analysis to study spatial heterogeneity of liver cancer in Guangxi / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the spatial distribution characteristics of liver cancer in Guangxi so as to provide evidence for the development of congol and prevention on liver cancer.Methods The average eight year morbidity was computed,using the rates of liver cancer in 2000-2007.The spatial statistics module of GIS was used to conduct spatial autocorrelation analysis.and the disease mapping Was drawn,using the Map Info 8.0 software.Results The average morbidity rate Was clustered in Guangxi in the past eight years.with Moran's I index as 0.34 and P value below 0.01.G index appeared to be 0.77 and the Pvalue Was below 0.01.Moran's I correlogram lifled up in four spaces,specifically,the cluster took place in both nlacro-scale(one to three spatial intervals,45 to 135 km real Scale)and micro-scale(16 to 18 spatial intervals,720 to 800 km real scale).When the spatial interval became 14 and real scale was 60 km.the spatial distribution of liver cancer showed the most intensive autocorrelation.Most of the regions with high morbidity would be clustered in the southwest and southern parts,along the Coastal areas of Guangxi while the regions with low morbidity clustered in the northern part of Guangxi.Conclusion Liver cancer was found un-randorely distributed and geographitally clustered in Guangxi in 2000-2007.

Effect of phosphorylated c-Jun expression on COX-2 expression in the substantia nigra of MPTP mouse model of subacute Parkinson disease / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of phophorylated c-Jun (p-c-Jun) expression on the expression of COX-2 in the substantia nigra (SN) of the MPTP mouse model of subacute Parkinson disease (PD) and explore the possible mechanism of the dopaminergic (DA) neuron death in PD.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>C57BL/6N mice were treated with MPTP to establish subacute PD model. The changes of TH-, COX-2- and p-c-Jun-positive cells, and the expression levels of TH, COX-2 and p-c-Jun in the SN in the midbrain were observed with inmmunohistochemistry and Western blotting before and after administration of SP600125, a specific JNK inhibitor.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the mice in control group, the PD mice exhibited typical symptoms of PD. The number of TH-positive neurons and expression level of TH in the model group were significantly reduced in the substantia nigra by about 65% and 75% (P<0.001) 7 days after the fifth injection of MPTP. The number of COX-2-immunoreactive cells and the expression level of COX-2 were significantly increased. P-c-Jun was specifically expressed in the nuclei of neurons and p-c-Jun expression level was significantly increased in the SN 6 h after the third injection of MPTP. Double-labeling immunofluorescence assay showed coexpression of COX-2 and p-c-Jun in TH-positive neurons in the SN. In mice treated with JNK inhibitor, the number of TH-positive neurons and TH expression level in the SN was only decreased by 15% and 20% as compared with the control group (P<0.001) 7 days after the fifth injection of MPTP, COX-2-positive cell number and COX-2 expression level were obviously reduced as compared with the model group (P<0.001), and p-c-Jun was expressed mainly in the cytoplasm of the neurons whose expression level in SN were significantly decreased 6 h after the third injection of MPTP. The PD mice treated with SP600125 showed slight behavioral symptoms.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>P-c-Jun expression may play an important role in mediating COX-2 expression in the SN in the MPTP model of subacute PD, and inhibiting p-c-Jun activity may provide neuroprotection to the mouse model.</p>

Effect of MK801 on apoptosis in the development of brain injury after hind limbs ischemia/reperfusion in rats / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To evaluate development of brain injury after hind limbs ischemia/reperfusion (LI/R) in rats, and the effect of MK801 on the brain injury following LI/R.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The limbs ischemia/reperfusion model was established in rats. The MDA contents were evaluated in each group, apoptotic cells were detected with TUNEL, the expression of apoptosis-associated protein, such as bcl-2, cytoC and caspase-3 were determined with immunohistochemistry and Western-blot.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The contents of MDA in brain tissue increased significantly following LI/R. The expression of bcl-2, cytoC, Caspase-3 was increased than those in the control group (P < 0.01) following LI/R significantly. The expression of Caspase-3 was increased 24 h after the onset of reperfusion. The expression of Caspase-3, bcl-2 gene was quite obvious in the midbrain red nucleus region. MK801 inhibited the expression of bcl-2, cytoC, Caspase-3 obviously.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The excessive apoptosis and apoptosis-associated factors could play an important role in the brain injury following LI/R in rat, MK801 might decrease the production of free radical and the excite toxicity of glutamate, inhibit the expression of apoptosis associated protein and reduce the occurrence of apoptosis.</p>

The affection and significance of NO on the expression of P-selectin in renal injury following hind limb ischemia/reperfusion in rats / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To probe into the affection and significance of NO on the expression of P-selectin in renal injury following hind limb ischemia/reperfusion in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In accordance with the conventional approaches of our department, the model rats were prepared after they were made to undergo 4 hours or ischemia followed by 4 hours of reperfusion of hind limbs. The Wistar rats were divided into four groups randomly: Control group, LI/R group, L-Arg group and L-NAME group. And then in those four groups of Wistar rats, a series of values of measurement were determined such as: Plasma concentrations of nitric oxide (NO), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr). Furthermore, biochemically there came to the assessment of the values including myeloperoxidase (MPO), NO, total nitric oxide synthase (tNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS) and constitutive NOS (cNOS) of renal tissue in different groups. By the methods of electrophoresis and biochemistry, the urine protein was mensurated. The immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of P-selectin protein. The morphologic changes were observed with a microscope.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After hind limbs had suffered from ischemia/reperfusion for 4 hours, there was the occurrence of a series of results such as in the following which were based on the comparison between plasm of LI/R group and control group. The values of NO, BUN and Cr increased significantly, and the trend of indexes such as NO in renal tissue was similar to that in plasma. The values of MPO, tNOS and iNOS in renal tissue all increased significantly after reperfusion, while cNOS decreased distinctly. The urine protein appeared, especially large molecular weight protein. Renal pathology revealed that after LI/R there were edema and infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN). Immunohistochemically, the expression of P-selectin was upregulated significantly. Compared with LI/R rats, all injury changes were alleviated in L-Arg group. Morphologic changes were mild. Both the content of urine protein and the percentage of apoptosis cell decreased. The expression of P-selectin was downregulated. In L-NAME group, all injury changes got worse. Immunohistochemical results showed strong positive staining of P-selectin.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The renal injury after LI/R may relate to the strong expression of P-selectin. NO may have protective affection by decreasing the expression of P-selectin and alleviating the adhesion, aggregation and infiltration of neutrophils.</p>

Clinical and Pathological Manifestation of Henoch-Schonlein Purpura Nephritis in Children / 实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To study the relationship of clinical manifestation and pathological changes and prognosis in Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis(HSPN)in children.Methods Clinical and pathological characteristics of 42 children with HSPN were analysed.Among them,40 children were detected of angiotensin-convertion enzyme(ACE)gene and had been followed up.Results Among them,there were 9 cases of level Ⅰof pathological types,21 cases of level Ⅱ,12 cases of level Ⅲ,but no cases of level Ⅳ.Ⅰand Ⅱ level were found in those cases of clinical manifestation with solitary hematuria and albuminuria.Pathological grades were Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ levels in the cases of hematuria and albuminuria.Pathological types of nephrotic syndrome(NS)were Ⅱ and Ⅲ level,which were of more gross hematuria than those of other grades.ACE gene DD had serious pathological damnification.Conclusions Change of pathology cannot only be anticipated by clinical manifestation of HSPN.But if pathological damnification gets more serious,the albuminuria gets more serious.Gross hematuria and albuminuria can serve as indicators of biopsy.NS of ACE DD type have serious pathological damnification.Children with HSPN has favourable prognosis in the future.

Early Diagnosis of Alport′s Syndrome in 5 Children and Literature Reviews / 实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To explore the early diagnosis of Alport′s syndrome(AS).Methods Renal and skin biopsy was carried out in 5 patients who manifested with isolated hematuria and nephritic syndrome(NS).By using indirect immunofluorescence method,the expression of type Ⅳ collagen ? chains was detected on epidermal basement membrane(EBM) and glomerular basement membrane(GBM).Results ?_1 chains on EBM and GBM were expression in all patients,but ?_5 chains on EBM and ?_3,?_5 chains on GBM form 2 female patients were segmental expression.Thus the goal for early diagnosis was achieved.Conclusions ? chains for EBM type Ⅳ collagen and GBM type Ⅳ collegan should be investigated if condition permits for those patients with isolated hematuria,NS(steroid-resistant) and thinned GBM in electron microscopy.It can be useful for diagnosis and differenial diagnosis of AS.

The effect of NO, ET-1 on brain injury after hind limbs ischemia/reperfusion in rats / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To study the roles of nitric oxide (NO) and ET-1 in brain injury after hind limbs ischemia/reperfusion in rats and to investigate the effect of NO/ ET-1 balance on brain injury.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>On a model of the hind limbs ischemia/reperfusion (LI/R) of rats, we used L-Arg(L-arginine, L-Arg), one of the substrates in the process of nitric oxide, aminoguanidine (AG) which inhibits nitric oxide synthase(NOS) and ETA receptor antagonist BQ123, to observe the changes of NO, ET-1, MDA, XOD, SOD, LDH in plasma and tNOS, iNOS, cNOS, NO, ET-1, MDA, XOD, MPO, SOD in brain tissue.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the control group, the content of MDA, XOD, LDH in plasma and MDA, XOD, MPO in brain tissue increased. The activity of SOD decreased (P < 0.01). The content of tNOS, iNOS in brain tissue increased, cNOS decreased (P < 0.01). The content of NO, ET-1 in I/R group in plasma and brain tissue increased, the ratio of NO/ET-1 decreased. The brain injury was deteriorated. After using L-Arg and BQ123, the ratio of NO/ET-1 in plasma and brain tissue increased, the brain injury lightened. Whereas after using AG, the ratio of NO/ET-1 decreased, brain injury became more serious.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The NO/ET-1 ratio decreased after LI/R, brain injury became more serious.</p>

The development of a treadmill system / 中国医疗器械杂志

This paper introduces the designing concept of the ECG treadmill system and discusses the methods of its realization.